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In physics, force is an action or agency that causes a body of mass m to accelerate. It may be experienced as a lift, a push, or a pull. The acceleration of the body is proportional to the vector sum of all forces acting on it (known as net force or resultant force). more...

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In an extended body, force may also cause rotation, deformation, or an increase in pressure for the body. Rotational effects are determined by the torques, while deformation and pressure are determined by the stresses that the forces create.

Net force is mathematically equal to the rate of change of the momentum of the body on which it acts. Since momentum is a vector quantity (has both a magnitude and direction), force also is a vector quantity.

The concept of force has formed part of statics and dynamics since ancient times. Ancient contributions to statics culminated in the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, which still forms part of modern physics. In contrast, Aristotle's dynamics incorporated intuitive misunderstandings of the role of force which were eventually corrected in the 17th century, culminating in the work of Isaac Newton. Following the development of quantum mechanics it is now understood that particles influence each another through fundamental interactions, making force a useful concept only on the macroscopic level. Only four fundamental interactions are known: strong, electromagnetic, weak (unified into one electroweak interaction in 1970s), and gravitational (in order of decreasing strength).

History

Aristotle and his followers believed that it was the natural state of objects on Earth to be motionless and that they tended towards that state if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their \"natural place\" (e.g. for heavy bodies to fall), which lead to \"natural motion\", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. But this theory, although based on the everyday experience of how objects move (e.g. a horse and cart), had severe trouble accounting for projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. Several theories were discussed over the centuries, and the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of the giant phallus impetus was influential on the work of Galileo. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent which was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force - usually friction.

Isaac Newton is recognised as argued explicitly for the first time that, in general, a constant force causes a constant rate of change (time derivative) of momentum. In essense, he gave the first (and the only) mathematical definition of the quantity force itself - as being the time-derivative of momentum: F = dp/dt.

Read more at Wikipedia.org